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Evolution Korea South Korea's democratic system is vulnerable to populist impulses. However, it is more stable than one would expect. The country is searching for a new paradigm of development. The Confucian culture, which stresses respect for ancestors as and gender-specific family relationships, continues to be influential in the society. But there are signs that a secularist culture is emerging. Origins In prehistoric times the ancestors of the modern Koreans survived by hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago, they began to cultivate millet, beans, and other crops. They also raised livestock, and made furs. They also established tribal states in succession in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also established an industry of metallurgy, which produced bronze and later iron tools. They traded with other states and introduced celadon paper making, block printing art styles, and written language to Japan. In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was founded in the southern part of the peninsula. The state adopted Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture including Confucian philosophy. During this time the inhabitants of Buyeo were part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon had a hierarchical structure in which a monarch and top officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy, while the rest of the population was peasants. The state collected taxes from these citizens, and sometimes required them to join the army or work on projects of the government, like building fortifications. Onjo the prince of Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong, the founder of Goguryeo established the state of Baekje towards the end of the period. This new kingdom expanded into the southwest of the peninsula, and fought against Goguryeo's commanderies and China's in the region. Baekje accepted Confucian ideas into its state belief system in 1390 CE, and introduced the male-centric concept of filiopiety into a doctrine. In the name of filiopiety fathers were responsible for their families, and had to be obeyed and respected by all, including their children and grandchildren. Goryeo, a nation that was ruled from 918 to 1392 CE and gave the world the Hangul Alphabet based upon the shapes created by the mouth when it pronounces. This significantly improved the communication between people and resulted in an explosion of the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and movable type were also refined. It was during this time that the Samguk sagi, also known as 'History of the Three Kingdoms' was first recorded in 1145 CE. 에볼루션 게이밍 in Korea The Korean peninsula was inhabited from Neolithic times until. Early evidence of human settlements can be seen in the form of graves lined with stone, with precious objects like amazonite jewelry buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens, built from huge single stones, are also widespread throughout the country. Gojoseon became the first political state to be recognized in the first half of 1st millennium BCE. After that the peninsula was ruled by various states during the Three Kingdoms period (57 BC- 635 CE) including Baekje Goguryeo and Silla. Additionally, the northern part of the peninsula was occupied by the Balhae kingdom, which many historians don't consider to be a proper Korean state. Following the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, also known as the Several States Period. Baekje is the most powerful of these states, was weakened by the Goguryeo's fall (676 CE) leaving only its southern regions in Manchuria, and western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy, prospered for a while. The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms started to work together to expand their territories. In the final phase, Silla, with significant Chinese aid, conquered all other states and united the peninsula in 935 CE. As Korea is entering the post-crisis phase the development paradigm of the country appears to be changing. People who are shocked by the huge cost of the old system advocate an extensive program of liberalization in capital, labor, and product markets. On the other hand, supporters of the old system seek to keep it alive through nationalist sentiments, and by stoking fears of job loss. Analysts and academics are divided about the extent to which Korea's development is being driven by these two trends. This article assesses developments to date by analyzing five phases of Korea's political development that include the illiberal democratic period (1945-60), democratic authoritarianism (1961-72), authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87) democratic paternalism (1987-2001) and democratic participation (2002 to the present). This article also highlights key factors that seem to be influencing these developments. Creationism in Korea In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. The creationists have been successful in promoting their beliefs to this population. A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that nearly one-third of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of those who voted, 41% stated that there was insufficient scientific evidence to support the theory 39% of respondents said it contradicted their religious beliefs. 17% said they did not understand it. This level of disbelief approaches that of the United States, where a similar number of people do not believe that humans evolved from less advanced species of life. In the past, the anti-evolution movement in Korea focused primarily on teaching students and bringing Christ to them. In 1980 an all-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the keynote speakers. This event attracted a huge number of church leaders, and scientists. The success of this event led to the founding of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st 1981. The inaugural event was widely reported in national newspapers, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo, and it attracted a lot of attention. KACR began publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In CREATION, the organization presented its own work and published articles about scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated slides and film strips from ICR as well as a few books on creationism that were published outside of Korea. KACR members lectured throughout the nation in universities and churches. One instance of a KACR success story occurred at the KAIST university in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were keen on the concept of creationism that they raised money and got funding to construct a small creationist museum on campus. In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine, CREATION, which covers topics in the field of creation science. It also hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also established branches in local offices that host talks and seminars to children and community groups. Evolution in South Korea In the latter half of the nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok, was replaced by miniskirts and other foreign fashion elements. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by jazz and rock & roll. In the period of this transition the famous samulnori, also known as the masked dance-dramas were very popular. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drummers and other instruments. Korea's new model of development is being developed in the aftermath of the economic crisis. The main challenge for the new regime is the balance between state-led economic policies as well as market-oriented ones. It also involves changing the incentives and monitoring policies that been a part of the pre-crisis system. These issues are discussed in Chapters 3 and 4. Baekje, founded by Onjo, prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was established by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other areas, as well as migrants from northern China. In the early 4th century, Baekje was a major regional power, and expanded its territory as far as Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. As a result, it was in frequent conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies across the border. The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries led to the development of powerful local factions. Gungye an eminent noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital. It also held control over a portion of the present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Later, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival of Goguryeo. The rule of his was, however, short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and unified Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla, later incorporated Baekje into Goryeo peacefully as a successor. Additionally, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a central government system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. The Korean peninsula was later under the control of the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually grew to become powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.